Watermarking of digital geospatial datasets: a review of technical,legal and copyright issues     

Carlos López 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):589-607

Gathering data accounts for more than 80% of the cost of any GIS project. Fast Internet connections and digital datasets threaten the investments of data producers through data piracy. Outside the GIS community this problem has been known for a long time, and possible solutions exist for digital imagery, formatted text, 3D meshes and so on, showing possible links to typical spatial data. This is largely achieved through embedding hidden information in a dataset without producing perceptible changes in the data, a process known as watermarking. The producer can recover the embedded information on request in order to produce evidence of ownership in a court, so the overall strategy relies on a legal basis rather than technical ones. This paper analyses the state-of-the-art for watermarking protection in digital geographical datasets. Digital imagery is demonstrably a more mature area than geographical information, even with multiple commercial vendors offering watermarking protection. 2D vector and point datasets have received less attention from the research community; however, 3D meshes have been considered by the CAD community and a handful of techniques are available for that case, and they are reviewed here.  相似文献   

Directed movements in probabilistic time geography     

Stephan Winter  Zhang-Cai Yin 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(9):1349-1365

This article studies probabilistic time geography for space–time prisms, that is, for situations where observers know the location of an agent at one time and then again at another time. In the intervening period, the agent would have moved freely, according to its time budget. The article demonstrates that the probability of finding the agent somewhere in the space–time prism is not equally distributed, so any attempt of a quantitative time geographic analysis must consider the actual probability distribution. This article develops, implements, and demonstrates this distribution. A preceding article introduced probabilistic time geography for space–time cones. With cones and prisms, the elementary space–time volumes of time geography are provided.  相似文献   

Cardinal directions: a comparison of direction relation matrix and objects interaction matrix     

Sanjiang Li  Weiming Liu 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(2):194-216

How to express and reason with cardinal directions between extended objects such as lines and regions is an important problem in qualitative spatial reasoning (QSR), a common subfield of geographical information science and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The direction relation matrix (DRM) model, proposed by Goyal and Egenhofer in 1997, is one very expressive relation model for this purpose. Unlike many other relation models in QSR, the set-theoretic converse of a DRM relation is not necessarily representable in DRM. Schneider et al. regard this as a serious shortcoming and propose, in their work published in ACM TODS (2012), the objects interaction matrix (OIM) model for modelling cardinal directions between complex regions. OIM is also a tiling-based model that consists of two phases: the tiling phase and the interpretation phase. Although it was claimed that OIM is a novel concept, we show that it is not so different from DRM if we represent the cardinal direction of two regions a and b by both the DRM of a to b and that of b to a. Under this natural assumption, we give methods for computing DRMs from OIMs and vice versa, and show that OIM is almost the same as DRM in the tiling phase, and becomes less precise after interpretation. Furthermore, exploiting the similarity between the two models, we prove that the consistency of a complete basic OIM network can be decided in cubic time. This answers an open problem raised by Schneider et al. regarding efficient algorithms for reasoning with OIM.  相似文献   

Assessing the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Map Colour for Colour Impairments Using an Eye-tracking Approach     

none 《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):166-170

Colour impairments influences access to geographical information which is usually represented by colour maps. Three dimensions of colour: Hue, Saturation and Value (HSV), are intuitive and most critical visual variables in map design. In this paper, we specifically focus on colour deficiency of red-green colour impairments. A controlled experiment was designed and conducted to explore how three colour dimensions (HSV) affect the abilities of people with normal colour vision or with red-green colour impairments to distinguish colours in maps. An eye-tracking approach was applied to quantify the accuracy and response time by capturing user eye movements to analyse the effectiveness and efficiency. In this study, we used one section of the administrative map of Hebei Province to test participant responses to area features. Differences of effectiveness and efficiency across normal colour vision and red-green colour impairments were compared. Multiple comparisons among Hue, Saturation and Value were analysed. Results show that for both normal colour vision and red-green colour impairments, Hue is the most differentiable than Saturation and Value. Saturation and Value are at the same level to be differentiated and more difficult to be distinguished. Guidelines of designing maps for both normal colour vision and red-green colour impairments were derived. The results of this study can be helpful to improve the map designs for colour deficiency.  相似文献   

带孔洞面域间的拓扑关系的组合推理   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘波  李大军  邹时林  阮见 《测绘学报》2011,40(2):262-267

空间对象间拓扑关系是GIS中空间要素间最基本也是最重要的关系之一,是进行空间查询和分析的基础,因而空间对象间拓扑关系一直是研究的热点之一。目前,对拓扑关系模型的研究主要集中在简单对象间拓扑关系方面,而对于带空洞的复杂面域间的空间拓扑关系的研究则相对较少,因而对它的进一步研究具有较重要的理论意义。本文在文献[11]的基础上,根据点集拓扑学理论,对带孔面域进行了定义。通过分析简单对象间拓扑关系的演变过程,提出一种能描述带一个孔的面域间的空间拓扑关系的方法,并用该方法详细推导了带一个孔的面域间有意义的拓扑关系。通过实验验证,证明该方法在理论上是可行的,对提高GIS对现实世界的建模和分析能力可提供一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

基于实例推理系统的滑坡预警判据研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李聪  姜清辉  周创兵  周钟  宋胜武  龚满福 《岩土力学》2011,32(4):1069-1076

为研究滑坡预警预报指标,建立了31个典型岩质滑坡组成的滑坡数据库,基于滑坡数据库、工程类比和模糊综合评判方法开发了滑坡实例推理系统。首先将滑坡特征属性分为6大项:破坏模式、滑面倾角、滑面类型、边坡岩体结构、边坡倾角、滑坡的诱发因素(降雨、地下水、水库蓄水、开挖、爆破、地震),用11个特征值表示边坡的特征属性;其次采用比值法相似度计算理论在滑坡数据库中搜索与目标边坡最相似的滑坡,通过工程类比给出滑坡预警判据建议值;最后依据模糊综合评判模型修正建议值,得到预警判据确认值,形成滑坡实例推理系统。以锦屏一级水电站为例,通过计算找到了滑坡数据库中与锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡最为相似的5个滑坡实例;其中大冶铁矿狮子山滑坡和安家岭露天矿滑坡有较为完整的变形监测数据,深入分析类似边坡变形破坏过程,分4个阶段给出了锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡预警判据建议值;并建立边坡预警判据修正的模糊综合评判模型,修正相似边坡预警判据,给出锦屏一级水电站左岸边坡进入加速变形阶段的位移速率阀值的精确区间为1.0～1.2 mm/d。  相似文献   

Monitoring qualitative spatiotemporal change for geosensor networks     

Mike Worboys  Matt Duckham 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(10):1087-1108

Recent technological advances in geosensor networks demand new models of distributed computation with dynamic spatial information. This paper presents a computational model of spatial change in dynamic regions (such as may be derived from discretizations of continuous fields) founded on embeddings of graphs in orientable surfaces. Continuous change, connectedness and regularity of dynamic regions are defined and local transition rules are used to constrain region evolution and enable more efficient inference of a region's state. The model provides a framework for the detection of global high‐level events based on local low‐level ‘snapshot’ spatiotemporal data. The approach has particular relevance to environmental monitoring with geosensor networks, where technological constraints make the detection of global behaviour from local conditions highly advantageous.  相似文献   

三维体目标间拓扑关系与方向关系的混合推理   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

刘新  刘文宝  李成名 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2010,(1)

重点研究了三维空间中拓扑关系和方向关系间的混合空间关系推理。用Allen区间关系对描述基于投影的空间划分方法得到的方向区域和用九交矩阵描述的拓扑关系,用定义法研究混合空间关系推理,推理结果用组合推理表表示。  相似文献   

基于模糊推理的空间聚类方法研究     

刘庆清  邓羽  张文婷 《测绘信息与工程》2010,35(4):38-39

提出了基于模糊推理的空间聚类方法,给出了其实现步骤,并以实例验证了其可行性和科学性。  相似文献   

邻接凸多边形方向关系计算及其推理     

毛建华  王涛  郭庆胜 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2001,26(4):364-368

在对拓拟邻接凸多边形方向关系计算特殊性分析的基础上，提出了一个邻接凸多边形方向关系计算法和二维空间方向关系推理方法。与Voronoi图所表达的邻近拓扑关系相结合，该算法可以用于计算离散二维空间目标之间的方向关系。  相似文献